TY - JOUR
T1 - What the face communicates
T2 - Clearing the conceptual ground
AU - McCullough, Michael
AU - Reed, Lawrence Ian
PY - 2016/2/1
Y1 - 2016/2/1
N2 - Facial displays such as smiles and angry expressions appear to promote and maintain cooperation, raising the possibility that they evolved in part for signaling functions. Research programs designed to test signaling functions for these facial displays (or any others) should be organized in light of two interlocking conceptual tasks. The first task is to consider whether the display is a genuine signal, or whether it might instead be a cue or a coercive display. The second task - assuming that the display really is a signal - is to consider the evolutionary route by which the signaling system has maintained its reliability over deep time. We conclude by encouraging researchers to consider the degree of mismatch between the experimental environment and the environments in which facial displays putatively evolved to operate as signals when designing experiments to test hypotheses regarding their signaling functions - particularly in cooperative contexts.
AB - Facial displays such as smiles and angry expressions appear to promote and maintain cooperation, raising the possibility that they evolved in part for signaling functions. Research programs designed to test signaling functions for these facial displays (or any others) should be organized in light of two interlocking conceptual tasks. The first task is to consider whether the display is a genuine signal, or whether it might instead be a cue or a coercive display. The second task - assuming that the display really is a signal - is to consider the evolutionary route by which the signaling system has maintained its reliability over deep time. We conclude by encouraging researchers to consider the degree of mismatch between the experimental environment and the environments in which facial displays putatively evolved to operate as signals when designing experiments to test hypotheses regarding their signaling functions - particularly in cooperative contexts.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.08.023
DO - 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.08.023
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84966417123
VL - 7
SP - 110
EP - 114
JO - Current Opinion in Psychology
JF - Current Opinion in Psychology
SN - 2352-250X
ER -