TY - JOUR
T1 - Toxicity of lead and zinc to developing mussel and sea urchin embryos
T2 - Critical tissue residues and effects of dissolved organic matter and salinity
AU - Nadella, Sunita R.
AU - Tellis, Margaret
AU - Diamond, Rachael
AU - Smith, Scott
AU - Bianchini, Adalto
AU - Wood, Chris M.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors gratefully acknowledge Mr. Rob Tryon of Northwest Aquaculture Farms, Effingham Inlet for the cost-free supply of M. galloprovincialis. We are also immensely grateful to Dr. Bruce Cameron, Dr. Dave Riddell and staff at Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre for their constant support. This research was supported by two NSERC CRD grants (CMW and SS, P.I.'s) with co-funding from the International Zinc Association (IZA) , the International Lead Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO) , the Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA) , the International Copper Association (ICA) , the Copper Development Association (CDA) , Teck Resources , and Vale Inco . AB's participation was supported by an award from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC, Ottawa, Canada) and the Canada Research Chair Program to AB and CMW. A. Bianchini is a Research Fellow from the Brazilian ‘Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico’ (CNPq , Proc. # 304430/2009-9 , Brasília, DF, Brazil), and is supported by the International Research Chair Program from IDRC.
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2013
Y1 - 2013
N2 - Lead (Pb) EC50 values in the very sensitive early development phases (48-72 h post-fertilization) of the mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus trossolus and sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus in 100% sea water were: M. trossolus - 45 (95% C.I. = 22-72) μg L-1; M. galloprovincialis - 63 (36-94) μg L-1; S. purpuratus - 74 (50-101) μg L-1. Salinity thresholds for normal development varied: M. trossolus > 21 ppt; M. galloprovincialis > 28 ppt; S. purpuratus > 30 ppt. Addition of two spectroscopically distinct dissolved organic matters (DOM) from fresh water (Nordic Reservoir) and sea water (Inshore) moderately decreased the toxicity of Pb to both mussels, but not in a concentration-dependent fashion, with only an approximate doubling of EC50 over the range of 1.4-11.2 mg C L-1. Independent Pb binding capacity determinations for DOC explained the lack of a relationship between DOMconcentration and toxicity. Salinity had no effect on Pb toxicity down to 21 ppt in M. trossolus, and low salinity (21 ppt) did not enhance the protective effect of DOC. Both DOMs increased the toxicity of Pb in developing sea urchin embryos, in contrast tomussels. Relative to Pb, the organisms were 6-9 fold less sensitive to Zn on amolar basis in 100% seawater with the following Zn EC50s: M. trossolus - 135 (103-170) μg L-1; M. galloprovincialis - 172 (126-227) μg L-1, S. purpuratus - 151 (129-177) μg L-1. Nordic Reservoir and Inshore DOM(2-12 mg C L-1) had no significant effect on Zn toxicity tomussels, in accord with voltammetry data showing an absence of any strong ligand binding for Zn by DOMs. As with Pb, DOMs increased Zn toxicity to urchin larvae. Critical Tissue Residues (CTR) based on whole body concentrations of Pb and Zn were determined for M. galloprovincialis at 48 h and S. purpuratus at 72 h. The median lethal CTR values (LA50s), useful parameters for development of saltwater Biotic Ligand Models (BLMs), were approximately 4-fold higher on amolar basis for Zn than for Pb. The latterwere not altered by DOMexposure, despite increased EC50 values, in accord with the tenets of the BLM.
AB - Lead (Pb) EC50 values in the very sensitive early development phases (48-72 h post-fertilization) of the mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus trossolus and sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus in 100% sea water were: M. trossolus - 45 (95% C.I. = 22-72) μg L-1; M. galloprovincialis - 63 (36-94) μg L-1; S. purpuratus - 74 (50-101) μg L-1. Salinity thresholds for normal development varied: M. trossolus > 21 ppt; M. galloprovincialis > 28 ppt; S. purpuratus > 30 ppt. Addition of two spectroscopically distinct dissolved organic matters (DOM) from fresh water (Nordic Reservoir) and sea water (Inshore) moderately decreased the toxicity of Pb to both mussels, but not in a concentration-dependent fashion, with only an approximate doubling of EC50 over the range of 1.4-11.2 mg C L-1. Independent Pb binding capacity determinations for DOC explained the lack of a relationship between DOMconcentration and toxicity. Salinity had no effect on Pb toxicity down to 21 ppt in M. trossolus, and low salinity (21 ppt) did not enhance the protective effect of DOC. Both DOMs increased the toxicity of Pb in developing sea urchin embryos, in contrast tomussels. Relative to Pb, the organisms were 6-9 fold less sensitive to Zn on amolar basis in 100% seawater with the following Zn EC50s: M. trossolus - 135 (103-170) μg L-1; M. galloprovincialis - 172 (126-227) μg L-1, S. purpuratus - 151 (129-177) μg L-1. Nordic Reservoir and Inshore DOM(2-12 mg C L-1) had no significant effect on Zn toxicity tomussels, in accord with voltammetry data showing an absence of any strong ligand binding for Zn by DOMs. As with Pb, DOMs increased Zn toxicity to urchin larvae. Critical Tissue Residues (CTR) based on whole body concentrations of Pb and Zn were determined for M. galloprovincialis at 48 h and S. purpuratus at 72 h. The median lethal CTR values (LA50s), useful parameters for development of saltwater Biotic Ligand Models (BLMs), were approximately 4-fold higher on amolar basis for Zn than for Pb. The latterwere not altered by DOMexposure, despite increased EC50 values, in accord with the tenets of the BLM.
KW - Critical tissue residues
KW - Pb
KW - Salinity
KW - Toxicity
KW - Zn
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U2 - 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.04.004
DO - 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.04.004
M3 - Article
C2 - 23603691
AN - SCOPUS:84886904948
VL - 158
SP - 72
EP - 83
JO - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part - C: Toxicology and Pharmacology
JF - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part - C: Toxicology and Pharmacology
SN - 1532-0456
IS - 2
ER -