Abstract
Several recent studies have demonstrated that the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis is extremely sensitive to metals (Co, Ni, Pb) in chronic exposures. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the acute and chronic sensitivity of L. stagnalis to Cu and investigate the underlying mechanism(s) of toxic action. A 96-h LC50 of 31 μg L - 1 Cu was estimated indicating L. stagnalis was moderately acutely sensitive to Cu relative to other aquatic organisms. However, in a 30-day chronic exposure using juvenile snails an EC20 of 1.8 μg L - 1 Cu was estimated for snail growth making L. stagnalis the most sensitive organism tested to date for Cu. Hardness-based and BLM-based water quality criteria for Cu at the water quality conditions used in this study were 7.8 and 1.5 μg L - 1, respectively, indicating L. stagnalis is significantly under-protected by hardness-based WQC. Investigations into the mechanism(s) of toxic action for Cu were conducted on young adult snails necessitating higher Cu exposures. Exposure to Cu at 12 μg L - 1 resulted in no detectable effects on hemolymph osmolality, net Ca 2+ uptake, titratable acid excretion, or ammonia excretion. Exposure to 48 μg L - 1 Cu was shown to significantly reduce (91%) net Ca 2+ uptake which is strongly correlated with shell deposition and corresponding snail growth. Snails exposed to 48 μg L - 1 Cu also exhibited reduced ammonia excretion, a marked hemolymph acidosis, and a compensatory increase in titratable acid excretion. The reduction in net Ca 2+ uptake was hypothesized to be a secondary effect of Cu-induced inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, but no reduction in carbonic anhydrase activity was detected. Overall, it remains unclear whether inhibition of Ca 2+ uptake is a direct result of Cu exposure or, along with the other observed physiological effects, is secondary to an unidentified primary mode of toxic action. Given the hypersensitivity of L. stagnalis to Cu, further study into the mechanisms of action and effects of varying water chemistry on Cu toxicity is clearly warranted.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 261-267 |
| Number of pages | 7 |
| Journal | Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - C Toxicology and Pharmacology |
| Volume | 154 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Sep 1 2011 |
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Keywords
- Acid-base balance
- Copper
- Gastropods
- Ionoregulation
- Lymnaea stagnalis
- Water quality criteria
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biochemistry
- Cell Biology
- Physiology
- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
- Toxicology
Cite this
The toxicity and physiological effects of copper on the freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. / Brix, Kevin V.; Esbaugh, Andrew J.; Grosell, Martin.
In: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - C Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 154, No. 3, 01.09.2011, p. 261-267.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - The toxicity and physiological effects of copper on the freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis
AU - Brix, Kevin V.
AU - Esbaugh, Andrew J.
AU - Grosell, Martin
PY - 2011/9/1
Y1 - 2011/9/1
N2 - Several recent studies have demonstrated that the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis is extremely sensitive to metals (Co, Ni, Pb) in chronic exposures. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the acute and chronic sensitivity of L. stagnalis to Cu and investigate the underlying mechanism(s) of toxic action. A 96-h LC50 of 31 μg L - 1 Cu was estimated indicating L. stagnalis was moderately acutely sensitive to Cu relative to other aquatic organisms. However, in a 30-day chronic exposure using juvenile snails an EC20 of 1.8 μg L - 1 Cu was estimated for snail growth making L. stagnalis the most sensitive organism tested to date for Cu. Hardness-based and BLM-based water quality criteria for Cu at the water quality conditions used in this study were 7.8 and 1.5 μg L - 1, respectively, indicating L. stagnalis is significantly under-protected by hardness-based WQC. Investigations into the mechanism(s) of toxic action for Cu were conducted on young adult snails necessitating higher Cu exposures. Exposure to Cu at 12 μg L - 1 resulted in no detectable effects on hemolymph osmolality, net Ca 2+ uptake, titratable acid excretion, or ammonia excretion. Exposure to 48 μg L - 1 Cu was shown to significantly reduce (91%) net Ca 2+ uptake which is strongly correlated with shell deposition and corresponding snail growth. Snails exposed to 48 μg L - 1 Cu also exhibited reduced ammonia excretion, a marked hemolymph acidosis, and a compensatory increase in titratable acid excretion. The reduction in net Ca 2+ uptake was hypothesized to be a secondary effect of Cu-induced inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, but no reduction in carbonic anhydrase activity was detected. Overall, it remains unclear whether inhibition of Ca 2+ uptake is a direct result of Cu exposure or, along with the other observed physiological effects, is secondary to an unidentified primary mode of toxic action. Given the hypersensitivity of L. stagnalis to Cu, further study into the mechanisms of action and effects of varying water chemistry on Cu toxicity is clearly warranted.
AB - Several recent studies have demonstrated that the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis is extremely sensitive to metals (Co, Ni, Pb) in chronic exposures. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the acute and chronic sensitivity of L. stagnalis to Cu and investigate the underlying mechanism(s) of toxic action. A 96-h LC50 of 31 μg L - 1 Cu was estimated indicating L. stagnalis was moderately acutely sensitive to Cu relative to other aquatic organisms. However, in a 30-day chronic exposure using juvenile snails an EC20 of 1.8 μg L - 1 Cu was estimated for snail growth making L. stagnalis the most sensitive organism tested to date for Cu. Hardness-based and BLM-based water quality criteria for Cu at the water quality conditions used in this study were 7.8 and 1.5 μg L - 1, respectively, indicating L. stagnalis is significantly under-protected by hardness-based WQC. Investigations into the mechanism(s) of toxic action for Cu were conducted on young adult snails necessitating higher Cu exposures. Exposure to Cu at 12 μg L - 1 resulted in no detectable effects on hemolymph osmolality, net Ca 2+ uptake, titratable acid excretion, or ammonia excretion. Exposure to 48 μg L - 1 Cu was shown to significantly reduce (91%) net Ca 2+ uptake which is strongly correlated with shell deposition and corresponding snail growth. Snails exposed to 48 μg L - 1 Cu also exhibited reduced ammonia excretion, a marked hemolymph acidosis, and a compensatory increase in titratable acid excretion. The reduction in net Ca 2+ uptake was hypothesized to be a secondary effect of Cu-induced inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, but no reduction in carbonic anhydrase activity was detected. Overall, it remains unclear whether inhibition of Ca 2+ uptake is a direct result of Cu exposure or, along with the other observed physiological effects, is secondary to an unidentified primary mode of toxic action. Given the hypersensitivity of L. stagnalis to Cu, further study into the mechanisms of action and effects of varying water chemistry on Cu toxicity is clearly warranted.
KW - Acid-base balance
KW - Copper
KW - Gastropods
KW - Ionoregulation
KW - Lymnaea stagnalis
KW - Water quality criteria
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=79960963230&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=79960963230&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.06.004
DO - 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.06.004
M3 - Article
VL - 154
SP - 261
EP - 267
JO - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part - C: Toxicology and Pharmacology
JF - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part - C: Toxicology and Pharmacology
SN - 1532-0456
IS - 3
ER -