@article{c15cffa84d70428a844acc98239aaa4c,
title = "The effect of early life stress on adult psychiatric disorders",
abstract = "There is a crisis of early childhood maltreatment in the United States. In 2012, the United States Department of Health and Human Services noted 3.4 million referrals to childhood protective services, of which the majority related to child abuse or neglect. Early life stress (ELS) due to childhood abuse and/or neglect can generate life-long consequences. ELS has been associated with disrupted neurodevelopment that can yield social, emotional, and cognitive impairment; adult medical and psychiatric disorders; disability; and even earlier death. Some studies have shown that adults with major depression and ELS respond less well to conventional treatments than adults who did not experience early life stress. In this article, we review some of the neurobiological and epigenetic studies that explore this association.",
keywords = "Adult psychiatric disorder, Childhood abuse, Early life stress, Major depressive disorder",
author = "Targum, {Steven D.} and Nemeroff, {Charles B.}",
note = "Funding Information: FUNDING: No funding was provided. DISCLOSURES: Steven D. Targum is currently Scientific Director at CRF Bracket. Within the past three years, he has received consultation fees or vendor grants from Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Alkermes Inc., AZTherapies, BrainCells Inc., Forum Pharmaceuticals, Functional Neuromodulation Inc., Intracellular Therapies, Inc., Johnson and Johnson PRD, Karuna Pharmaceuticals, Methylation Sciences Inc., Navitor Pharmaceuticals, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Prana Biotechnology Ltd., Pfizer Inc., Resilience Therapeutics, and Sunovion. Charles B. Nemeroff: Research/Grants: National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Stanley Medical Research Institute; Consulting (last three years): Xhale, Takeda, Taisho Pharmaceutical Inc., Bracket (Clintara), Fortress Biotech, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Magstim, Inc., Navitor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., TC MSO, Inc., Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc.; Stockholder:Xhale, Celgene, Seattle Genetics, Abbvie, OPKO Health, Inc., Antares, BI Gen Holdings, Inc., Corcept Therapeutics Pharmaceuticals Company, TC MSO, Inc., Trends in Pharma Development, LLC; Scientific Advisory Boards: American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP), Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (BBRF), Xhale, Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA), Skyland Trail, Bracket (Clintara), Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Inc.; Board of Directors: AFSP, Gratitude America, ADAA; Income sources or equity of $10,000 or more: American Psychiatric Publishing, Xhale, Bracket (Clintara), CME Outfitters, Takeda, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., Magstim; Patents: Method and devices for transdermal delivery of lithium (US 6,375,990B1), Method of assessing antidepressant drug therapy via transport inhibition of monoamine neurotransmitters by ex vivo assay (US 7,148,027B2); Compounds, Compositions, Methods of Synthesis, and Methods of Treatment (CRF Receptor Binding Ligand) (US 8,551, 996 B2) CORRESPONDENCE: Steven D. Targum, MD; Email: sdtargum@yahoo.com Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019, Matrix Medical Communications. All rights reserved.",
year = "2019",
month = jan,
day = "1",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "16",
pages = "35--37",
journal = "Psychiatry",
issn = "2158-8333",
publisher = "Matrix Medical Communications",
number = "1-2",
}