TY - JOUR
T1 - Spatial and Temporal Variation of Parameters in Wadi Andlou, Tunisia-Pollution by Pulp Mill Discharge
AU - Ltifi, Abdelkader
AU - Saidi, Neila
AU - Rabhi, Mokded
AU - Sealey, Kathleen S.
AU - Hafiane, Amor
AU - Smaoui, Abderrazak
AU - Abdelly, Chedly
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia. The authors thank the staff of the Centre of Research and Technologies of Water in Borj Cedria (CERTE) and the Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria (CBBC) for their technical support of this work and all those involved directly or indirectly during preparation. The authors are grateful to Prof. Kathleen Sullivan Sealey, Prof. R. Ragab, and Prof S. Kumar for helping deeply with preparation of the manuscript and improving its. Also, the author would like to thank Dr. Nadine Depre from Analytical Chemist in the UK for the kind help in the manuscript revision.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
PY - 2017/10
Y1 - 2017/10
N2 - This study evaluated space-time variation of water quality data sets for the Wadi Andlou Kasserine, Tunisia, using multivariate analytical techniques including cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis (CA). The present study showed that values of temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride, phosphate, sulfate, fecal coliform, Streptococcus, Salmonella spp., and Enterococci were significantly higher in the dry season compared to samples taken in the wet season. Concurrently, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, suspended matter (SM), NH+4 presented values significantly lower in dry season than surveys in rainy season. The following parameters BOD5, COD, SO2-4, Cl−, SM, Salmonella spp. did not meet the Tunisian standard NT 106 for surface water quality. Analysis of pollutant concentrations via PCA showed that the two first components accounted for 87.34 and 93.17% of the total variance for dry and rainy season sampling, respectively. The first component included T, pH, EC, SM, SO2-4, Cl−, NH+4, turbidity, COD, BOD, PO3-4, Enterococci, fecal coliform and streptococcus, Salmonella spp., and total bacteria. The second included DO and DO-3. Cluster analysis identified the five sampling sites into three groups in the rainy and dry season based on seasonal differences and various pollution levels caused by physicochemical and bacteriological properties. The results suggest that future monitoring can include fewer sampling sites, and stratified random sampling plans can save time and resources.
AB - This study evaluated space-time variation of water quality data sets for the Wadi Andlou Kasserine, Tunisia, using multivariate analytical techniques including cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis (CA). The present study showed that values of temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride, phosphate, sulfate, fecal coliform, Streptococcus, Salmonella spp., and Enterococci were significantly higher in the dry season compared to samples taken in the wet season. Concurrently, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, suspended matter (SM), NH+4 presented values significantly lower in dry season than surveys in rainy season. The following parameters BOD5, COD, SO2-4, Cl−, SM, Salmonella spp. did not meet the Tunisian standard NT 106 for surface water quality. Analysis of pollutant concentrations via PCA showed that the two first components accounted for 87.34 and 93.17% of the total variance for dry and rainy season sampling, respectively. The first component included T, pH, EC, SM, SO2-4, Cl−, NH+4, turbidity, COD, BOD, PO3-4, Enterococci, fecal coliform and streptococcus, Salmonella spp., and total bacteria. The second included DO and DO-3. Cluster analysis identified the five sampling sites into three groups in the rainy and dry season based on seasonal differences and various pollution levels caused by physicochemical and bacteriological properties. The results suggest that future monitoring can include fewer sampling sites, and stratified random sampling plans can save time and resources.
KW - Cluster analysis
KW - Principal component analysis
KW - Water pollution
KW - Water quality
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U2 - 10.1002/clen.201500471
DO - 10.1002/clen.201500471
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85030174444
VL - 45
JO - Clean - Soil, Air, Water
JF - Clean - Soil, Air, Water
SN - 1863-0650
IS - 10
M1 - 1500471
ER -