Abstract
The present paper presents original data and a review of the copper (Cu) toxicity literature for estuarine and marine environments. For the first time, acute Cu toxicity across the full salinity range was determined. Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, eggs were hatched in freshwater (FW), 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 22 and 35 ppt (seawater, SW) and juveniles were allowed to acclimate for 7 days prior to acute toxicity testing. Sensitivity was highest in FW (96 h LC50: 18 μg/l), followed by SW (96 h LC50: 294 μg/l) with fish at intermediate salinities being the most tolerant (96 h LC50 > 963 μg/l at 10 ppt). This approximately 50-fold, non-linear variation in sensitivity could not be accounted for by Cu speciation or competition among cations but can be explained by physiology. The relative Na+ gradient from the blood plasma to the water is greatest in FW followed by SW and is smallest at 10 ppt. Regression of Cu toxicity versus the equilibrium potential for Na+, which reflects the relative Na+ gradient, revealed that 93% of the variation can be attributed to Na+ gradients and thus osmoregulatory physiology. Examination of the existing literature on acute Cu toxicity in SW (defined as >25 ppt) confirmed that early life stages generally are most sensitive but this pattern may be attributable to size rather than developmental stage. Regardless of developmental stage and phylogeny, size clearly matters for Cu sensitivity. The existing literature on the influence of salinity on acute Cu toxicity as well as studies of mechanisms of Cu toxicity in fish and invertebrates are reviewed.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 162-172 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| Journal | Aquatic Toxicology |
| Volume | 84 |
| Issue number | 2 SPEC. ISS. |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Aug 30 2007 |
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Keywords
- BLM
- Cu
- Fundulus heteroclitus
- Killifish
- Toxic mechanism
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Aquatic Science
Cite this
Physiology is pivotal for interactions between salinity and acute copper toxicity to fish and invertebrates. / Grosell, Martin; Blanchard, J.; Brix, K. V.; Gerdes, R.
In: Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 84, No. 2 SPEC. ISS., 30.08.2007, p. 162-172.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Physiology is pivotal for interactions between salinity and acute copper toxicity to fish and invertebrates
AU - Grosell, Martin
AU - Blanchard, J.
AU - Brix, K. V.
AU - Gerdes, R.
PY - 2007/8/30
Y1 - 2007/8/30
N2 - The present paper presents original data and a review of the copper (Cu) toxicity literature for estuarine and marine environments. For the first time, acute Cu toxicity across the full salinity range was determined. Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, eggs were hatched in freshwater (FW), 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 22 and 35 ppt (seawater, SW) and juveniles were allowed to acclimate for 7 days prior to acute toxicity testing. Sensitivity was highest in FW (96 h LC50: 18 μg/l), followed by SW (96 h LC50: 294 μg/l) with fish at intermediate salinities being the most tolerant (96 h LC50 > 963 μg/l at 10 ppt). This approximately 50-fold, non-linear variation in sensitivity could not be accounted for by Cu speciation or competition among cations but can be explained by physiology. The relative Na+ gradient from the blood plasma to the water is greatest in FW followed by SW and is smallest at 10 ppt. Regression of Cu toxicity versus the equilibrium potential for Na+, which reflects the relative Na+ gradient, revealed that 93% of the variation can be attributed to Na+ gradients and thus osmoregulatory physiology. Examination of the existing literature on acute Cu toxicity in SW (defined as >25 ppt) confirmed that early life stages generally are most sensitive but this pattern may be attributable to size rather than developmental stage. Regardless of developmental stage and phylogeny, size clearly matters for Cu sensitivity. The existing literature on the influence of salinity on acute Cu toxicity as well as studies of mechanisms of Cu toxicity in fish and invertebrates are reviewed.
AB - The present paper presents original data and a review of the copper (Cu) toxicity literature for estuarine and marine environments. For the first time, acute Cu toxicity across the full salinity range was determined. Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, eggs were hatched in freshwater (FW), 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 22 and 35 ppt (seawater, SW) and juveniles were allowed to acclimate for 7 days prior to acute toxicity testing. Sensitivity was highest in FW (96 h LC50: 18 μg/l), followed by SW (96 h LC50: 294 μg/l) with fish at intermediate salinities being the most tolerant (96 h LC50 > 963 μg/l at 10 ppt). This approximately 50-fold, non-linear variation in sensitivity could not be accounted for by Cu speciation or competition among cations but can be explained by physiology. The relative Na+ gradient from the blood plasma to the water is greatest in FW followed by SW and is smallest at 10 ppt. Regression of Cu toxicity versus the equilibrium potential for Na+, which reflects the relative Na+ gradient, revealed that 93% of the variation can be attributed to Na+ gradients and thus osmoregulatory physiology. Examination of the existing literature on acute Cu toxicity in SW (defined as >25 ppt) confirmed that early life stages generally are most sensitive but this pattern may be attributable to size rather than developmental stage. Regardless of developmental stage and phylogeny, size clearly matters for Cu sensitivity. The existing literature on the influence of salinity on acute Cu toxicity as well as studies of mechanisms of Cu toxicity in fish and invertebrates are reviewed.
KW - BLM
KW - Cu
KW - Fundulus heteroclitus
KW - Killifish
KW - Toxic mechanism
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=34547739112&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=34547739112&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.026
DO - 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.026
M3 - Article
C2 - 17643507
AN - SCOPUS:34547739112
VL - 84
SP - 162
EP - 172
JO - Aquatic Toxicology
JF - Aquatic Toxicology
SN - 0166-445X
IS - 2 SPEC. ISS.
ER -