@article{ddbf123afb69459f81e736703ea5a91d,
title = "Photochemically induced spinal cord injury in the rat",
abstract = "We have developed in the rat a minimally invasive model of reproducible spinal cord injury initiated photochemically. With the exposed spinal column intact, 560 nm irradiation of the translucent dorsal surface induces excitation of the systemically injected dye, rose Bengal, in the spinal cord microvasculature. The resultant photochemical reaction leads to vascular stasis. Histopathological changes at 7 days include hemorrhagic necrosis of the central gray matter, edematous pale-staining white matter tracts and vascular congestion. At the level of cord irradiation (T8) the entire cord thickness is necrosed except for the periphery of the anterior funiculus. Voluntary motor function is consistently lost in the subacute phase of injury.",
keywords = "infarction, microvascular stasis, photochemical sensitization, singlet oxygen, spinal cord injury",
author = "Watson, {Brant D.} and Ricardo Prado and {Dalton Dietrich}, W. and Ginsberg, {Myron D.} and Green, {Barth A.}",
note = "Funding Information: 1 Allen, A.R., Surgery of experimental lesion of spinal cord equivalent to crush injury of fracture dislocation of spinal column. A preliminary report, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 57 (1911) 878-880. 2 Anderson, D.K., Nicolosi, G.R., Means, E.D. and Hart-ley, L.E., Effects of laminectomy on spinal cord blood flow, J. Neurosurg., 49 (1978) 232-238. 3 Anderson, D.K., Means, E.D. and Waters, T.R., Spinal cord energy metabolism in normal and postlaminectomy cats, J. Neurosurg., 52 (1980) 387-391. 4 Anderson, T.E., A controlled pneumatic technique for ex-perimental spinal cord contusion, J. Neurosci. Meth., 6 (1982) 327-333. 5 Bjorklund, A., Katzman, R., Stenevi, U. and West, K., Development and growth of axonal sprouts from noradren-aline and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in the rat spinal cord, Brain Research, 31 (1971) 21-33. 6 DeGirolami, U. and Zivin, J.A., Neuropathology of exper-imental spinal cord ischemia in the rabbit, J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol., 41 (1982) 129-141. 7 Dietrich, W.D., Watson, B.D., Wachtel, M., Busto, R. and Ginsberg, M.D., Ultrastructural analysis of photo-chemically induced thrombotic stroke in rat brain, Stroke, 15 (1984) 191. 8 Ducker, T.B. and Hamit, H.F., Experimental treatments of acute spinal cord injury, J. Neurosurg., 30 (1969) 693-697. 9 Foote, C.S., Photosensitized oxidation and singlet oxygen: consequences in biological systems. In W.A. Pryor (Ed.), Free Radicals in Biology, Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York, 1976, pp. 85-134. 10 Ford, R.W.J., A reproducible spinal cord injury model in the cat, J. Neurosurg., 59 (1983) 268-275. 11 Gandin, E., Lion, Y. and Van de Vorst, A., Quantum yield of singlet oxygen production by xanthene derivatives, Pho-tochem. Photobiol., 37 (1983) 271-278. 12 Goodman, J.H., Bingham, W.G. and Hunt, W.E., Platelet aggregation in experimental spinal cord injury, Arch. Neu-rol., 36 (1979) 197-201. 13 Green, B.A. and Eismont, F.,I., Acute spinal cord injury: a systems approach, Cent. Nerv. Syst. Trauma, 1 (1984) 173-195. 14 Hermann, K.-H., Platelet aggregation induced in the ham-ster cheek pouch by a photochemical process with excited fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, Microvasc. Res., 26 (1983) 238-249. 15 Hitchon, P.W., Lobosky, J.M., Yamada, T. and Torner, Supported by Grants VAH 3263-002 (B.A.G.), USPHS NS05820-19 (M.D.G.), BRSG SO7RR-0563 and USPHS NS23244-01 (B.D.W.) and by NIH Training Grant NS 07238 and the Department of Neurological Surgery (R.P.). W.D.D. is an Established Investigator of the American Heart Association. M.D.G. is the recipient of a Jacob Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award. We wish to thank Raul Busto for technical advice and Mrs. June Thomas for preparation of histological material. Copyright: Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "1986",
month = mar,
day = "5",
doi = "10.1016/0006-8993(86)91606-9",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "367",
pages = "296--300",
journal = "Brain Research",
issn = "0006-8993",
publisher = "Elsevier",
number = "1-2",
}