TY - JOUR
T1 - Ocean surface waves in Hurricane Ike (2008) and Superstorm Sandy (2012)
T2 - Coupled model predictions and observations
AU - Chen, Shuyi S
AU - Curcic, Milan
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Mark Donelan for his contribution to the development of the University of Miami Wave Model, Tim Campbell for his input on the design of the Unified Wind INterface (UWIN) in the coupled model UWIN-CM, and John Michalakes for his input on the WRF model during the early stage of this study. Comments and suggestions from three anonymous reviewers have helped improve the manuscript. This research was supported by research grants from the Office of Naval Research under the National Oceanography Partner Program (NOPP N0001401010162 ), the National Renewable Energy Lab/ Department of Energy (DOE FOA 415 ), NASA Ocean Vector Wind Science Team ( NNX14AM78G ), and a grant from BP /The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative .
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
PY - 2016/7/1
Y1 - 2016/7/1
N2 - Forecasting hurricane impacts of extreme winds and flooding requires accurate prediction of hurricane structure and storm-induced ocean surface waves days in advance. The waves are complex, especially near landfall when the hurricane winds and water depth varies significantly and the surface waves refract, shoal and dissipate. In this study, we examine the spatial structure, magnitude, and directional spectrum of hurricane-induced ocean waves using a high resolution, fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model and observations. The coupled model predictions of ocean surface waves in Hurricane Ike (2008) over the Gulf of Mexico and Superstorm Sandy (2012) in the northeastern Atlantic and coastal region are evaluated with the NDBC buoy and satellite altimeter observations. Although there are characteristics that are general to ocean waves in both hurricanes as documented in previous studies, wave fields in Ike and Sandy possess unique properties due mostly to the distinct wind fields and coastal bathymetry in the two storms. Several processes are found to significantly modulate hurricane surface waves near landfall. First, the phase speed and group velocities decrease as the waves become shorter and steeper in shallow water, effectively increasing surface roughness and wind stress. Second, the bottom-induced refraction acts to turn the waves toward the coast, increasing the misalignment between the wind and waves. Third, as the hurricane translates over land, the left side of the storm center is characterized by offshore winds over very short fetch, which opposes incoming swell. Landfalling hurricanes produce broader wave spectra overall than that of the open ocean. The front-left quadrant is most complex, where the combination of windsea, swell propagating against the wind, increasing wind-wave stress, and interaction with the coastal topography requires a fully coupled model to meet these challenges in hurricane wave and surge prediction.
AB - Forecasting hurricane impacts of extreme winds and flooding requires accurate prediction of hurricane structure and storm-induced ocean surface waves days in advance. The waves are complex, especially near landfall when the hurricane winds and water depth varies significantly and the surface waves refract, shoal and dissipate. In this study, we examine the spatial structure, magnitude, and directional spectrum of hurricane-induced ocean waves using a high resolution, fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model and observations. The coupled model predictions of ocean surface waves in Hurricane Ike (2008) over the Gulf of Mexico and Superstorm Sandy (2012) in the northeastern Atlantic and coastal region are evaluated with the NDBC buoy and satellite altimeter observations. Although there are characteristics that are general to ocean waves in both hurricanes as documented in previous studies, wave fields in Ike and Sandy possess unique properties due mostly to the distinct wind fields and coastal bathymetry in the two storms. Several processes are found to significantly modulate hurricane surface waves near landfall. First, the phase speed and group velocities decrease as the waves become shorter and steeper in shallow water, effectively increasing surface roughness and wind stress. Second, the bottom-induced refraction acts to turn the waves toward the coast, increasing the misalignment between the wind and waves. Third, as the hurricane translates over land, the left side of the storm center is characterized by offshore winds over very short fetch, which opposes incoming swell. Landfalling hurricanes produce broader wave spectra overall than that of the open ocean. The front-left quadrant is most complex, where the combination of windsea, swell propagating against the wind, increasing wind-wave stress, and interaction with the coastal topography requires a fully coupled model to meet these challenges in hurricane wave and surge prediction.
KW - Coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean modeling and prediction
KW - Hurricanes
KW - Ocean surface waves
KW - Surface wave observations
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U2 - 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.08.005
DO - 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.08.005
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84944145250
VL - 103
SP - 161
EP - 176
JO - Ocean Modelling
JF - Ocean Modelling
SN - 1463-5003
ER -