Novel targets for Parkinson's Disease: Addressing different therapeutic paradigms and conundrums

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is pathologically characterized by degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc).PD leads to clinical motor features that include rigidity, tremor and bradykinesia. Despite multiple available therapies for PD, the clinical features continue to progress, and patients suffer progressive disability. Many advances have been made in PD therapy which directly target the cause of the disease rather than providing symptomatic relief.A neuroprotective or disease modifying strategy that can slow or cease clinical progression and worsening disability remains as a major unmet medical need for PD management. The present review discusses potential novel therapies for PD thatincludesrecent interventions in the form of immunomodulatory techniques and stem cell therapy.Further, an introspective approach toidentify numerous other novel targets that can alleviate PD pathogenesis and enable physicians to practice multi-targeted therapy are discussed that may provide a ray of hope to PD patients in future.