Abstract
Most studies of cognitive functioning in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive (HIV-1+) subjects have been done in the United States and Europe, where clade B infections predominate. However, in other parts of the world such as South India, where clade C HIV is most common, the prevalence of HIV-1 is increasing. Standardized neuropsychological tests were used to assess cognitive functioning in a sample of 119 adults infected with clade C HIV-1 who were not on antiretroviral medications. The subjects did not have neurological or psychiatric illness and were functioning adequately. Neuropsychological test performance was compared with gender-, age-, and education-matched normative data derived from a sample of 540 healthy volunteers and a matched cohort of 126 healthy, HIV-1-seronegative individuals. Among the seropositive subjects, 60.5% had mild to moderate cognitive deficits characterized by deficits in the domains of fluency, working memory, and learning and memory. None of the subjects had severe cognitive deficits. The HIV-1+ sample was classified into groups according to the level of immune suppression as defined by CD4 count (< 200, 201-499, and >; 500 cells/mm3) and viral load (< 5000, 5001-30,000, 30,001-99,999, 100,000-1,000,000, and > 1,000,001 copies). Although the most immunosuppressed group (CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 or viral load > 1,000,001 copies) was small, their rate of impairment in visual working memory was greater when compared to groups with better immune functioning. Mild to moderate cognitive deficits can be identified on standardized neuropsychological tests in clade C-infected HIV-1+ adults who do not have any clinically identifiable functional impairment. The prevalence of cognitive deficits is similar to that reported in antiretroviral treatment-näve individuals infected with clade B virus in the western world.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 195-202 |
| Number of pages | 8 |
| Journal | Journal of NeuroVirology |
| Volume | 13 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - May 1 2007 |
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Keywords
- Clade C
- Cognition
- HIV
- Neuropsychology
- Working memory
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Virology
- Clinical Neurology
Cite this
Neuropsychological deficits in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade C-seropositive adults from South India. / Gupta, Jayashree Das; Satishchandra, P.; Gopukumar, Kumarpillai; Wilkie, Frances; Waldrop-Valverde, Drenna; Ellis, Ronald; Ownby, Raymond; Subbakrishna, D. K.; Desai, Anita; Kamat, Anupa; Ravi, V.; Rao, B. S.; Satish, K. S.; Kumar, Mahendra.
In: Journal of NeuroVirology, Vol. 13, No. 3, 01.05.2007, p. 195-202.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Neuropsychological deficits in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade C-seropositive adults from South India
AU - Gupta, Jayashree Das
AU - Satishchandra, P.
AU - Gopukumar, Kumarpillai
AU - Wilkie, Frances
AU - Waldrop-Valverde, Drenna
AU - Ellis, Ronald
AU - Ownby, Raymond
AU - Subbakrishna, D. K.
AU - Desai, Anita
AU - Kamat, Anupa
AU - Ravi, V.
AU - Rao, B. S.
AU - Satish, K. S.
AU - Kumar, Mahendra
PY - 2007/5/1
Y1 - 2007/5/1
N2 - Most studies of cognitive functioning in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive (HIV-1+) subjects have been done in the United States and Europe, where clade B infections predominate. However, in other parts of the world such as South India, where clade C HIV is most common, the prevalence of HIV-1 is increasing. Standardized neuropsychological tests were used to assess cognitive functioning in a sample of 119 adults infected with clade C HIV-1 who were not on antiretroviral medications. The subjects did not have neurological or psychiatric illness and were functioning adequately. Neuropsychological test performance was compared with gender-, age-, and education-matched normative data derived from a sample of 540 healthy volunteers and a matched cohort of 126 healthy, HIV-1-seronegative individuals. Among the seropositive subjects, 60.5% had mild to moderate cognitive deficits characterized by deficits in the domains of fluency, working memory, and learning and memory. None of the subjects had severe cognitive deficits. The HIV-1+ sample was classified into groups according to the level of immune suppression as defined by CD4 count (< 200, 201-499, and >; 500 cells/mm3) and viral load (< 5000, 5001-30,000, 30,001-99,999, 100,000-1,000,000, and > 1,000,001 copies). Although the most immunosuppressed group (CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 or viral load > 1,000,001 copies) was small, their rate of impairment in visual working memory was greater when compared to groups with better immune functioning. Mild to moderate cognitive deficits can be identified on standardized neuropsychological tests in clade C-infected HIV-1+ adults who do not have any clinically identifiable functional impairment. The prevalence of cognitive deficits is similar to that reported in antiretroviral treatment-näve individuals infected with clade B virus in the western world.
AB - Most studies of cognitive functioning in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive (HIV-1+) subjects have been done in the United States and Europe, where clade B infections predominate. However, in other parts of the world such as South India, where clade C HIV is most common, the prevalence of HIV-1 is increasing. Standardized neuropsychological tests were used to assess cognitive functioning in a sample of 119 adults infected with clade C HIV-1 who were not on antiretroviral medications. The subjects did not have neurological or psychiatric illness and were functioning adequately. Neuropsychological test performance was compared with gender-, age-, and education-matched normative data derived from a sample of 540 healthy volunteers and a matched cohort of 126 healthy, HIV-1-seronegative individuals. Among the seropositive subjects, 60.5% had mild to moderate cognitive deficits characterized by deficits in the domains of fluency, working memory, and learning and memory. None of the subjects had severe cognitive deficits. The HIV-1+ sample was classified into groups according to the level of immune suppression as defined by CD4 count (< 200, 201-499, and >; 500 cells/mm3) and viral load (< 5000, 5001-30,000, 30,001-99,999, 100,000-1,000,000, and > 1,000,001 copies). Although the most immunosuppressed group (CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 or viral load > 1,000,001 copies) was small, their rate of impairment in visual working memory was greater when compared to groups with better immune functioning. Mild to moderate cognitive deficits can be identified on standardized neuropsychological tests in clade C-infected HIV-1+ adults who do not have any clinically identifiable functional impairment. The prevalence of cognitive deficits is similar to that reported in antiretroviral treatment-näve individuals infected with clade B virus in the western world.
KW - Clade C
KW - Cognition
KW - HIV
KW - Neuropsychology
KW - Working memory
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=34447298647&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=34447298647&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/13550280701258407
DO - 10.1080/13550280701258407
M3 - Article
C2 - 17613709
AN - SCOPUS:34447298647
VL - 13
SP - 195
EP - 202
JO - Journal of NeuroVirology
JF - Journal of NeuroVirology
SN - 1355-0284
IS - 3
ER -