Abstract
Background: Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomas that most often involves the lungs, but frequently has extrapulmonary manifestations, which might be difficult to treat in individual patients. Objective: To review different disease manifestations, focusing on extrapulmonary organ systems, and to provide treatment options for refractory cases. Materials and methods: We performed a literature search using Medline and Google Scholar for individual or combined keywords of "sarcoidosis, extrapulmonary, treatment, kidney, neurosarcoidosis, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, transplantation, musculoskeletal, rheumatology, arthritis, and skin". Peer-reviewed articles, including review articles, clinical trials, observational trials, and case reports that were published in English were included. References from retrieved articles were also manually searched for relevant articles. Results and conclusion: Isolated involvement of a single organ or organ system is rare in sarcoidosis, and thus all patients must be thoroughly evaluated for additional disease manifestations. Cardiac sarcoidosis and neurosarcoidosis may be life-threatening. Clinicians need to assess patients comprehensively using clinical, laboratory, imaging, and histopathological data to recommend competently the best and least toxic treatment option for the individual patient.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1623-1634 |
| Number of pages | 12 |
| Journal | Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |
| Volume | 12 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Nov 7 2016 |
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Keywords
- Chronic granulomatous diseases
- Diagnostic tests
- Immunosuppressive agents
- Sarcoidosis
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Medicine(all)
- Safety Research
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics(all)
- Chemical Health and Safety
- Pharmacology (medical)
Cite this
Management of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis : Challenges and solutions. / Al-Kofahi, Khalid; Korsten, Peter; Ascoli, Christian; Virupannavar, Shanti; Mirsaeidi, Mehdi; Chang, Ian; Qaqish, Naim; Saketkoo, Lesley A.; Baughman, Robert P.; Sweiss, Nadera J.
In: Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, Vol. 12, 07.11.2016, p. 1623-1634.Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Management of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis
T2 - Challenges and solutions
AU - Al-Kofahi, Khalid
AU - Korsten, Peter
AU - Ascoli, Christian
AU - Virupannavar, Shanti
AU - Mirsaeidi, Mehdi
AU - Chang, Ian
AU - Qaqish, Naim
AU - Saketkoo, Lesley A.
AU - Baughman, Robert P.
AU - Sweiss, Nadera J.
PY - 2016/11/7
Y1 - 2016/11/7
N2 - Background: Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomas that most often involves the lungs, but frequently has extrapulmonary manifestations, which might be difficult to treat in individual patients. Objective: To review different disease manifestations, focusing on extrapulmonary organ systems, and to provide treatment options for refractory cases. Materials and methods: We performed a literature search using Medline and Google Scholar for individual or combined keywords of "sarcoidosis, extrapulmonary, treatment, kidney, neurosarcoidosis, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, transplantation, musculoskeletal, rheumatology, arthritis, and skin". Peer-reviewed articles, including review articles, clinical trials, observational trials, and case reports that were published in English were included. References from retrieved articles were also manually searched for relevant articles. Results and conclusion: Isolated involvement of a single organ or organ system is rare in sarcoidosis, and thus all patients must be thoroughly evaluated for additional disease manifestations. Cardiac sarcoidosis and neurosarcoidosis may be life-threatening. Clinicians need to assess patients comprehensively using clinical, laboratory, imaging, and histopathological data to recommend competently the best and least toxic treatment option for the individual patient.
AB - Background: Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomas that most often involves the lungs, but frequently has extrapulmonary manifestations, which might be difficult to treat in individual patients. Objective: To review different disease manifestations, focusing on extrapulmonary organ systems, and to provide treatment options for refractory cases. Materials and methods: We performed a literature search using Medline and Google Scholar for individual or combined keywords of "sarcoidosis, extrapulmonary, treatment, kidney, neurosarcoidosis, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, transplantation, musculoskeletal, rheumatology, arthritis, and skin". Peer-reviewed articles, including review articles, clinical trials, observational trials, and case reports that were published in English were included. References from retrieved articles were also manually searched for relevant articles. Results and conclusion: Isolated involvement of a single organ or organ system is rare in sarcoidosis, and thus all patients must be thoroughly evaluated for additional disease manifestations. Cardiac sarcoidosis and neurosarcoidosis may be life-threatening. Clinicians need to assess patients comprehensively using clinical, laboratory, imaging, and histopathological data to recommend competently the best and least toxic treatment option for the individual patient.
KW - Chronic granulomatous diseases
KW - Diagnostic tests
KW - Immunosuppressive agents
KW - Sarcoidosis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84995550192&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84995550192&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2147/TCRM.S74476
DO - 10.2147/TCRM.S74476
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:84995550192
VL - 12
SP - 1623
EP - 1634
JO - Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
JF - Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
SN - 1176-6336
ER -