Kinetic, stereochemical, and structural effects of mutations of the active site arginine residues in 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase

TY - JOUR

T1 - Kinetic, stereochemical, and structural effects of mutations of the active site arginine residues in 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase

AU - Harris, Thomas K

AU - Czerwinski, Robert M.

AU - Johnson, William H.

AU - Legler, Patricia M.

AU - Abeygunawardana, Chitrananda

AU - Massiah, Michael A.

AU - Stivers, James T.

AU - Whitman, Christian P.

AU - Mildvan, Albert S.

PY - 1999/9/21

Y1 - 1999/9/21

N2 - Three arginine residues (Arg-11, Arg-39, Arg-61) are found at the active site of 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase in the X-ray structure of the affinity- labeled enzyme [Taylor, A. B., Czerwinski, R. M., Johnson, R. M., Jr., Whitman, C. P., and Hackert, M. L. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 14692-14700]. The catalytic roles of these arginines were examined by mutagenesis, kinetic, and heteronuclear NMR studies. With a 1,6-dicarboxylate substrate (2- hydroxymuconate), the R61A mutation showed no kinetic effects, while the R11A mutation decreased k(cat) 88-fold and increased K(m) 8.6-fold, suggesting both binding and catalytic roles for Arg-11. With a 1-monocarboxylate substrate (2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate), no kinetic effects of the R11A mutation were found, indicating that Arg-11 interacts with the 6-carboxylate of the substrate. The stereoselectivity of the R11A-catalyzed protonation at C-5 of the dicarboxylate substrate decreased, while the stereoselectivity of protonation at C-3 of the monocarboxylate substrate increased in comparison with wild-type 4-OT, indicating the importance of Arg-11 in properly orienting the dicarboxylate substrate by interacting with the charged 6- carboxylate group. With 2-hydroxymuconate, the R39A and R39Q mutations decreased k(cat) by 125- and 389-fold and increased K(m) by 1.5- and 2.6- fold, respectively, suggesting a largely catalytic role for Arg-39. The activity of the R11A/R39A double mutant was at least 104-fold lower than that of the wild-type enzyme, indicating approximate additivity of the effects of the two arginine mutants on k(cat). For both R11A and R39Q, 2D 1H-15N HSQC and 3D 1H-15N NOESY-HSQC spectra showed chemical shift changes mainly near the mutated residues, indicating otherwise intact protein structures. The changes in the R39Q mutant were mainly in the β-hairpin from residues 50 to 57 which covers the active site. HSQC titration of R11A with the substrate analogue cis,cis-muconate yielded a K(d) of 22 mM, 37-fold greater than the K(d) found with wild-type 4-OT (0.6 mM). With the R39Q mutant, cis,cis-muconate showed negative cooperativity in active site binding with two K(d) values, 3.5 and 29 mM. This observation together with the low K(m) of 2-hydroxymuconate (0.47 mM) suggests that only the tight binding sites function catalytically in the R39Q mutant. The 15Nε resonances of all six Arg residues of 4-OT were assigned, and the assignments of Arg-11, - 39, and -61 were confirmed by mutagenesis. The binding of cis,cis-muconate to wild-type 4-OT upshifts Arg-11 Nε (by 0.05 ppm) and downshifts Arg-39 Nε (by 1.19 ppm), indicating differing electronic delocalizations in the guanidinium groups. A mechanism is proposed in which Arg-11 interacts with the 6-carboxylate of the substrate to facilitate both substrate binding and catalysis and Arg-39 interacts with the 1-carboxylate and the 2-keto group of the substrate to promote carbonyl polarization and catalysis, while Pro-1 transfers protons from C-3 to C-5. This mechanism, together with the effects of mutations of catalytic residues on k(cat), provides a quantitative explanation of the 107-fold catalytic power of 4-OT. Despite its presence in the active site in the crystal structure of the affinity-labeled enzyme, Arg- 61 does not play a significant role in either substrate binding or catalysis.

AB - Three arginine residues (Arg-11, Arg-39, Arg-61) are found at the active site of 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase in the X-ray structure of the affinity- labeled enzyme [Taylor, A. B., Czerwinski, R. M., Johnson, R. M., Jr., Whitman, C. P., and Hackert, M. L. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 14692-14700]. The catalytic roles of these arginines were examined by mutagenesis, kinetic, and heteronuclear NMR studies. With a 1,6-dicarboxylate substrate (2- hydroxymuconate), the R61A mutation showed no kinetic effects, while the R11A mutation decreased k(cat) 88-fold and increased K(m) 8.6-fold, suggesting both binding and catalytic roles for Arg-11. With a 1-monocarboxylate substrate (2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate), no kinetic effects of the R11A mutation were found, indicating that Arg-11 interacts with the 6-carboxylate of the substrate. The stereoselectivity of the R11A-catalyzed protonation at C-5 of the dicarboxylate substrate decreased, while the stereoselectivity of protonation at C-3 of the monocarboxylate substrate increased in comparison with wild-type 4-OT, indicating the importance of Arg-11 in properly orienting the dicarboxylate substrate by interacting with the charged 6- carboxylate group. With 2-hydroxymuconate, the R39A and R39Q mutations decreased k(cat) by 125- and 389-fold and increased K(m) by 1.5- and 2.6- fold, respectively, suggesting a largely catalytic role for Arg-39. The activity of the R11A/R39A double mutant was at least 104-fold lower than that of the wild-type enzyme, indicating approximate additivity of the effects of the two arginine mutants on k(cat). For both R11A and R39Q, 2D 1H-15N HSQC and 3D 1H-15N NOESY-HSQC spectra showed chemical shift changes mainly near the mutated residues, indicating otherwise intact protein structures. The changes in the R39Q mutant were mainly in the β-hairpin from residues 50 to 57 which covers the active site. HSQC titration of R11A with the substrate analogue cis,cis-muconate yielded a K(d) of 22 mM, 37-fold greater than the K(d) found with wild-type 4-OT (0.6 mM). With the R39Q mutant, cis,cis-muconate showed negative cooperativity in active site binding with two K(d) values, 3.5 and 29 mM. This observation together with the low K(m) of 2-hydroxymuconate (0.47 mM) suggests that only the tight binding sites function catalytically in the R39Q mutant. The 15Nε resonances of all six Arg residues of 4-OT were assigned, and the assignments of Arg-11, - 39, and -61 were confirmed by mutagenesis. The binding of cis,cis-muconate to wild-type 4-OT upshifts Arg-11 Nε (by 0.05 ppm) and downshifts Arg-39 Nε (by 1.19 ppm), indicating differing electronic delocalizations in the guanidinium groups. A mechanism is proposed in which Arg-11 interacts with the 6-carboxylate of the substrate to facilitate both substrate binding and catalysis and Arg-39 interacts with the 1-carboxylate and the 2-keto group of the substrate to promote carbonyl polarization and catalysis, while Pro-1 transfers protons from C-3 to C-5. This mechanism, together with the effects of mutations of catalytic residues on k(cat), provides a quantitative explanation of the 107-fold catalytic power of 4-OT. Despite its presence in the active site in the crystal structure of the affinity-labeled enzyme, Arg- 61 does not play a significant role in either substrate binding or catalysis.

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U2 - 10.1021/bi991116e

DO - 10.1021/bi991116e

M3 - Article

VL - 38

SP - 12343

EP - 12357

JO - Biochemistry

JF - Biochemistry

SN - 0006-2960

IS - 38

ER -