TY - JOUR
T1 - Is the State of the Air-Sea Interface a Factor in Rapid Intensification and Rapid Decline of Tropical Cyclones?
AU - Soloviev, Alexander V.
AU - Lukas, Roger
AU - Donelan, Mark A.
AU - Haus, Brian K.
AU - Ginis, Isaac
N1 - Funding Information:
Mike McGauley and Cayla Dean (NSU) helped with numerical simulations. Kathryn Howe (NSU) helped with data collection; and, Luba Solonenko (NSU) with manuscript preparation. This research was made possible by the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (Grant SA-1515 CARTHE) and NOAA award NA15OAR4310173. Metadata on the laboratory experiments are available on https://data.gulfresearchinitiative.org/data/R1.x134.073:0009. Data on hurricanes and tropical cyclones were taken from https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane.
Funding Information:
Mike McGauley and Cayla Dean (NSU) helped with numerical simulations. Kathryn Howe (NSU) helped with data collection; and, Luba Solonenko (NSU) with manuscript preparation. This research was made possible by the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (Grant SA-1515 CARTHE) and NOAA award NA15OAR4310173. Metadata on the laboratory experiments are available on https://data. gulfresearchinitiative.org/data/R1.x134. 073:0009. Data on hurricanes and tropical cyclones were taken from https://www.wunderground.com/ hurricane.
PY - 2017/12
Y1 - 2017/12
N2 - Tropical storm intensity prediction remains a challenge in tropical meteorology. Some tropical storms undergo dramatic rapid intensification and rapid decline. Hurricane researchers have considered particular ambient environmental conditions including the ocean thermal and salinity structure and internal vortex dynamics (e.g., eyewall replacement cycle, hot towers) as factors creating favorable conditions for rapid intensification. At this point, however, it is not exactly known to what extent the state of the sea surface controls tropical cyclone dynamics. Theoretical considerations, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations suggest that the air-sea interface under tropical cyclones is subject to the Kelvin-Helmholtz type instability. Ejection of large quantities of spray particles due to this instability can produce a two-phase environment, which can attenuate gravity-capillary waves and alter the air-sea coupling. The unified parameterization of waveform and two-phase drag based on the physics of the air-sea interface shows the increase of the aerodynamic drag coefficient Cd with wind speed up to hurricane force U10≈35 m s−1). Remarkably, there is a local Cd minimum—“an aerodynamic drag well”—at around U10≈60 m s−1. The negative slope of the Cd dependence on wind-speed between approximately 35 and 60 m s−1 favors rapid storm intensification. In contrast, the positive slope of Cd wind-speed dependence above 60 m s−1 is favorable for a rapid storm decline of the most powerful storms. In fact, the storms that intensify to Category 5 usually rapidly weaken afterward.
AB - Tropical storm intensity prediction remains a challenge in tropical meteorology. Some tropical storms undergo dramatic rapid intensification and rapid decline. Hurricane researchers have considered particular ambient environmental conditions including the ocean thermal and salinity structure and internal vortex dynamics (e.g., eyewall replacement cycle, hot towers) as factors creating favorable conditions for rapid intensification. At this point, however, it is not exactly known to what extent the state of the sea surface controls tropical cyclone dynamics. Theoretical considerations, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations suggest that the air-sea interface under tropical cyclones is subject to the Kelvin-Helmholtz type instability. Ejection of large quantities of spray particles due to this instability can produce a two-phase environment, which can attenuate gravity-capillary waves and alter the air-sea coupling. The unified parameterization of waveform and two-phase drag based on the physics of the air-sea interface shows the increase of the aerodynamic drag coefficient Cd with wind speed up to hurricane force U10≈35 m s−1). Remarkably, there is a local Cd minimum—“an aerodynamic drag well”—at around U10≈60 m s−1. The negative slope of the Cd dependence on wind-speed between approximately 35 and 60 m s−1 favors rapid storm intensification. In contrast, the positive slope of Cd wind-speed dependence above 60 m s−1 is favorable for a rapid storm decline of the most powerful storms. In fact, the storms that intensify to Category 5 usually rapidly weaken afterward.
KW - drag coefficient
KW - rapid decline
KW - rapid intensification
KW - sea surface
KW - tropical cyclone
KW - two-phase environment
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U2 - 10.1002/2017JC013435
DO - 10.1002/2017JC013435
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85040721153
VL - 122
SP - 10174
EP - 10183
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
SN - 2169-897X
IS - 12
ER -