Intrauterine devices (IUD): Clinical aspects, side effects and potential complications

The intrauterine device (IUD) is a widely accepted long-acting reversible contraception. Due to its high efficacy, good safety profile, low cost, and overall tolerance this form of contraception has become quite popular throughout the years. Multiple kinds of intrauterine devices are now available, both hormonal and non-hormonal forms. Over the last several years, IUD use has been expanded to its placement in the postabortion or immediate postpartum period. The use of intrauterine devices has extended to other gynecological conditions beyond contraception with the presence of hormones in newer forms of IUDs. IUDs are a highly effective form of contraception due to several mechanisms of actions. Other non-contraceptive benefits of hormonal IUDs include its use in heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, adenomyosis, endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia, and early stages of endometrial cancer in young patients. Most of the side effects associated with IUDs are minor, which include abnormal uterine bleeding and pain. Complications with placement of intrauterine devices include uterine perforation, expulsion, malposition in the uterus, and migration of IUD into the abdominal cavity and viscera. Although intrauterine devices pose some side effects and risks, the efficacy of this form of contraception is comparable to surgical sterilization. IUDs are fairly easy to place making the intrauterine device an excellent form of long acting reversible contraception.