Idiopathic unilateral enlargement of the extraocular muscles in an infant

A 6-month-old boy presented with a unilateral motility defcit of the right eye in all felds of gaze. Neuroimaging revealed unilateral enlargement of the medial, lateral, and inferior rectus muscles with sparing of the tendons. An evaluation for thyroid eye disease, idiopathic orbital inflammation, myositis, inflammatory and neoplastic infltration of the muscle, vascular anomalies, and metastatic neuroblastoma was unrevealing. Biopsy of the muscle revealed normal architecture with an absence of inflammation, infltration, or fbrosis. A review of the literature reveals the exceptionally rare nature of this fnding. While the authors cannot rule out an atypical case of congenital euthyroid eye disease, this constellation of fndings is not consistent with thyroid eye disease and may represent previously described cases of idiopathic enlargement of the extraocular muscles.