TY - JOUR
T1 - Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pharmacogenomics in Clinical Practice
T2 - Relevance of HIV-1 Drug Resistance Testing (Part 2)
AU - Patarca, Roberto
AU - Isava, Alejandro
AU - Campo, Rafael
AU - Rodriguez, Nelson J.
AU - Nunez, Enriqueta
AU - Alter, Michael
AU - Marchette, Margaret
AU - Sanabia, Mirtha M.
AU - Mitchell, Charles
AU - Rivera, Delia
AU - Scott, Gwendolyn
AU - Jayaweera, Dushyantha
AU - Moreno, Jose
AU - Boulanger, Catherine
AU - Kolber, Michael
AU - Mask, Cindy W.
AU - Sierra, Eduardo Meneses
AU - Vallejo, Ricardo
AU - Page, J. Brian
AU - Klimas, Nancy G.
AU - Fletcher, Mary Ann
PY - 2003
Y1 - 2003
N2 - Throughout most of the past century, physicians could offer patients no treatments for infections caused by viruses. The experience with treatment of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has changed the way healthcare workers deal with viral infections and has triggered a growing rate of discovery and use of antiviral agents, the first fruits of the expanding genomics revolution. HIV treatment also provides an informative paradigm for pharmacogenomics because control of infection and its consequences is limited by the development of viral drug resistance and by host factors. This report summarizes studies published to date on the significance of testing of HIV-1 resistance to antiretroviral drugs. The only Food and Drug Administration-approved kit is commercially available through Visible Genetics, Inc., for HIV drug resistance testing by genotypic sequencing. Genotyping sequencing alone is most likely an adequate test to assist in the therapeutic decision-making process in cases of previous regimen failure, treatment-naive patients in areas of high prevalence of transmitted resistant virus, and pregnant women. However, in exceptional cases of highly complex mutation patterns and extensive cross-resistance, it may be useful to obtain a phenotype test, because that result may more easily identify drugs to which the virus is least resistant. There are no published clinical trial results on the usefulness of the so-called virtual phenotype over genotypic sequencing alone. The paradigm of viral pharmacogenomics in the form of HIV genotypic sequencing has been not only useful to the treatment of other viral diseases but also important to the real-life implementation of the growing discipline of genomics or molecular medicine. The application of this paradigm to the thousands of potential therapeutic targets that have become available through the various human genome projects will certainly gradually change the landscape of diagnosis and management of many diseases, including cancer.
AB - Throughout most of the past century, physicians could offer patients no treatments for infections caused by viruses. The experience with treatment of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has changed the way healthcare workers deal with viral infections and has triggered a growing rate of discovery and use of antiviral agents, the first fruits of the expanding genomics revolution. HIV treatment also provides an informative paradigm for pharmacogenomics because control of infection and its consequences is limited by the development of viral drug resistance and by host factors. This report summarizes studies published to date on the significance of testing of HIV-1 resistance to antiretroviral drugs. The only Food and Drug Administration-approved kit is commercially available through Visible Genetics, Inc., for HIV drug resistance testing by genotypic sequencing. Genotyping sequencing alone is most likely an adequate test to assist in the therapeutic decision-making process in cases of previous regimen failure, treatment-naive patients in areas of high prevalence of transmitted resistant virus, and pregnant women. However, in exceptional cases of highly complex mutation patterns and extensive cross-resistance, it may be useful to obtain a phenotype test, because that result may more easily identify drugs to which the virus is least resistant. There are no published clinical trial results on the usefulness of the so-called virtual phenotype over genotypic sequencing alone. The paradigm of viral pharmacogenomics in the form of HIV genotypic sequencing has been not only useful to the treatment of other viral diseases but also important to the real-life implementation of the growing discipline of genomics or molecular medicine. The application of this paradigm to the thousands of potential therapeutic targets that have become available through the various human genome projects will certainly gradually change the landscape of diagnosis and management of many diseases, including cancer.
KW - Antiretroviral treatment
KW - Drug resistance testing
KW - HIV-1
KW - Mutations
KW - Protease
KW - Reverse transcriptase
KW - Viral fitness
KW - Virus infection
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U2 - 10.1615/JEnvPathToxOncol.v22.i4.10
DO - 10.1615/JEnvPathToxOncol.v22.i4.10
M3 - Review article
C2 - 14669906
AN - SCOPUS:0345687873
VL - 22
SP - 235
EP - 279
JO - Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology
JF - Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology
SN - 0731-8898
IS - 4
ER -