TY - JOUR
T1 - Exercise for Brain Health
T2 - An Investigation into the Underlying Mechanisms Guided by Dose
AU - Cabral, Danylo F.
AU - Rice, Jordyn
AU - Morris, Timothy P.
AU - Rundek, Tatjana
AU - Pascual-Leone, Alvaro
AU - Gomes-Osman, Joyce
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments Dr. Gomes-Osman was supported by an Evelyn F. McKnight Pilot Grant. The project described was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number KL2TR002737. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
PY - 2019/7/15
Y1 - 2019/7/15
N2 - There is a strong link between the practice of regular physical exercise and maintenance of cognitive brain health. Animal and human studies have shown that exercise exerts positive effects on cognition through a variety of mechanisms, such as changes in brain volume and connectivity, cerebral perfusion, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and regulation of trophic factors. However, much of this data has been conducted in young humans and animals, raising questions regarding the generalizability of these findings to aging adults. Furthermore, it is not clear at which doses these effects might take place, and if effects would differ with varying exercise modes (such as aerobic, resistance training, combinations, or other). The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence on the effects of exercise interventions on various mechanisms believed to support cognitive improvements: cerebral perfusion, synaptic neuroplasticity, brain volume and connectivity, neurogenesis, and regulation of trophic factors. We synthesized the findings according to exposure to exercise (short- [1 day-16 weeks], medium- [24-40 weeks], and long-term exercise [52 weeks and beyond]) and have limited our discussion of dose effects to studies in aging adults and aged animals (when human data was not available).
AB - There is a strong link between the practice of regular physical exercise and maintenance of cognitive brain health. Animal and human studies have shown that exercise exerts positive effects on cognition through a variety of mechanisms, such as changes in brain volume and connectivity, cerebral perfusion, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and regulation of trophic factors. However, much of this data has been conducted in young humans and animals, raising questions regarding the generalizability of these findings to aging adults. Furthermore, it is not clear at which doses these effects might take place, and if effects would differ with varying exercise modes (such as aerobic, resistance training, combinations, or other). The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence on the effects of exercise interventions on various mechanisms believed to support cognitive improvements: cerebral perfusion, synaptic neuroplasticity, brain volume and connectivity, neurogenesis, and regulation of trophic factors. We synthesized the findings according to exposure to exercise (short- [1 day-16 weeks], medium- [24-40 weeks], and long-term exercise [52 weeks and beyond]) and have limited our discussion of dose effects to studies in aging adults and aged animals (when human data was not available).
KW - Physical exercise
KW - aging brain
KW - cognitive brain health
KW - exercise dose
KW - older adults
KW - physiological mechanisms
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U2 - 10.1007/s13311-019-00749-w
DO - 10.1007/s13311-019-00749-w
M3 - Review article
C2 - 31197642
AN - SCOPUS:85068053210
VL - 16
SP - 580
EP - 599
JO - Neurotherapeutics
JF - Neurotherapeutics
SN - 1933-7213
IS - 3
ER -