TY - JOUR
T1 - Educational review
T2 - role of the pediatric nephrologists in the work-up and management of kidney stones
AU - Rodriguez Cuellar, Carmen Inés
AU - Wang, Peter Zhan Tao
AU - Freundlich, Michael
AU - Filler, Guido
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019, IPNA.
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/3/1
Y1 - 2020/3/1
N2 - Background: The incidence of nephrolithiasis in children and adolescents is increasing and appears to double every 10 years. The most important role of the pediatric nephrologist is to diagnose and modify various metabolic and non-metabolic risk factors, as well as prevent long-term complications especially in the case of recurrent nephrolithiasis. Objective: The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing literature on the etiology and management of pediatric nephrolithiasis. Results: The incidence of kidney stones is increasing; dietary and environmental factors are probably the main causes for this increased incidence. In most pediatric patients, the etiology for the kidney stones can be identified. Metabolic factors, such as hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia, urinary tract infection, and urinary stasis, constitute leading causes. Herein, we review the etiologies, diagnostic work-up, and treatment options for the most prevalent causes of kidney stones. The detrimental effects of excessive dietary sodium, reduced fluid intake, and the benefits of plant-based over animal-based protein consumption on urinary crystal formation are discussed. We also review the long-term complications. Conclusions: Pediatric nephrologists have an important role in the diagnostic work-up and prevention of recurring nephrolithiasis.
AB - Background: The incidence of nephrolithiasis in children and adolescents is increasing and appears to double every 10 years. The most important role of the pediatric nephrologist is to diagnose and modify various metabolic and non-metabolic risk factors, as well as prevent long-term complications especially in the case of recurrent nephrolithiasis. Objective: The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing literature on the etiology and management of pediatric nephrolithiasis. Results: The incidence of kidney stones is increasing; dietary and environmental factors are probably the main causes for this increased incidence. In most pediatric patients, the etiology for the kidney stones can be identified. Metabolic factors, such as hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia, urinary tract infection, and urinary stasis, constitute leading causes. Herein, we review the etiologies, diagnostic work-up, and treatment options for the most prevalent causes of kidney stones. The detrimental effects of excessive dietary sodium, reduced fluid intake, and the benefits of plant-based over animal-based protein consumption on urinary crystal formation are discussed. We also review the long-term complications. Conclusions: Pediatric nephrologists have an important role in the diagnostic work-up and prevention of recurring nephrolithiasis.
KW - Cystinuria
KW - Hypercalciuria
KW - Hyperoxaluria
KW - Hypocitraturia
KW - Hypomagnesiuria
KW - Nephrolithiasis
KW - Urolithiasis
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U2 - 10.1007/s00467-018-4179-9
DO - 10.1007/s00467-018-4179-9
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30607567
AN - SCOPUS:85059663018
VL - 35
SP - 383
EP - 397
JO - Pediatric Nephrology
JF - Pediatric Nephrology
SN - 0931-041X
IS - 3
ER -