CT evaluation of prosthetic ossicular reconstruction procedures: What the otologist needs to know

Postoperative otologic evaluation of patients who have undergone ossicular reconstruction is often difficult. However, thin-section computed tomography (CT) can help determine the type of prosthesis used for reconstruction and adequately assess for complications that may be causing postoperative conductive hearing loss. A variety of prostheses may be used in ossicular reconstruction (eg, stapes prosthesis, incus interposition graft, Applebaum prosthesis, Black oval-top prosthesis, Richards centered prosthesis, Goldenberg prosthesis) and can usually be identified at CT by their shapes and locations. Several causes of prosthetic failure are readily demonstrated at CT, including recurrent cholesteatoma and otitis media, formation of granulation tissue or adhesions, and various mechanical problems (eg, subluxation, dislocation, extrusion, fracture, bending). Perilymphatic fistula can be difficult to identify at CT but may be suggested by the presence of pneumolabyrinth, unexplained middle ear effusion, or fluid accumulation within the mastoid air cells. The presence of soft tissue within the oval window niche 4-6 weeks following surgery may indicate post-stapedectomy granuloma or fibrosis. Familiarity with the normal and abnormal CT appearances of ossicular prostheses will enable the radiologist to assist the otologist in identifying patients in whom revision surgery is most appropriate.