@article{424f12a76b4446ddb7180f43f536e9d6,
title = "Chemical evidence of inter-hemispheric air mass intrusion into the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes",
abstract = "The East Asian Summer Monsoon driven by temperature and moisture gradients between the Asian continent and the Pacific Ocean, leads to approximately 50% of the annual rainfall in the region across 20-40°N. Due to its increasing scientific and social importance, there have been several previous studies on identification of moisture sources for summer monsoon rainfall over East Asia mainly using Lagrangian or Eulerian atmospheric water vapor models. The major source regions for EASM previously proposed include the North Indian Ocean, South China Sea and North western Pacific. Based on high-precision and high-frequency 6-year measurement records of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), here we report a direct evidence of rapid intrusion of warm and moist tropical air mass from the Southern Hemisphere (SH) reaching within a couple of days up to 33°N into East Asia. We further suggest that the combination of direct chemical tracer record and a back-trajectory model with physical meteorological variables helps pave the way to identify moisture sources for monsoon rainfall. A case study for Gosan station (33.25°N, 126.19°E) indicates that the meridional transport of precipitable water from the SH accompanying the southerly/southwesterly flow contributes most significantly to its summer rainfall.",
author = "S. Li and S. Park and Lee, {J. Y.} and Ha, {K. J.} and Park, {M. K.} and Jo, {C. O.} and H. Oh and J. M{\"u}hle and Kim, {K. R.} and Montzka, {S. A.} and S. O'Doherty and Krummel, {P. B.} and E. Atlas and Miller, {B. R.} and F. Moore and Weiss, {R. F.} and Wofsy, {S. C.}",
note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. NRF-2016R1A2B2010663). We acknowledge the support of our colleagues from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE). AGAGE is supported principally by NASA (USA) grants to MIT and SIO. K.-J. Ha, J.-Y. Lee and H. Oh were supported by ICCP project (code: IBS-R028-D1). The Cape Grim research station is funded and managed by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology with the science program jointly managed and funded by CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology. Flask measurements of HFCs at sites across the global are supported in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Program Office{\textquoteright}s AC4 program. E.A. acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation Grant #AGS-0959853, and thanks X. Zhu and L. Pope for technical assistance in sample analyses. Funding Information: This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. NRF-2016R1A2B2010663). We acknowledge the support of our colleagues from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE). AGAGE is supported principally by NASA (USA) grants to MIT and SIO. K.-J. Ha, J.-Y. Lee and H. Oh were supported by ICCP project (code: IBS-R028-D1). The Cape Grim research station is funded and managed by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology with the science program jointly managed and funded by CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology. Flask measurements of HFCs at sites across the global are supported in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Program Office's AC4 program. E.A. acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation Grant #AGS-0959853, and thanks X. Zhu and L. Pope for technical assistance in sample analyses. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 The Author(s).",
year = "2018",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1038/s41598-018-22266-0",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "8",
journal = "Scientific Reports",
issn = "2045-2322",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "1",
}