TY - JOUR
T1 - Calcium oxychloride
T2 - A critical review of the literature surrounding the formation, deterioration, testing procedures, and recommended mitigation techniques
AU - Jones, Casey
AU - Ramanathan, Sivakumar
AU - Suraneni, Prannoy
AU - Hale, W. Micah
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank the support of the Oklahoma/Arkansas Chapter of the American Concrete Pavement Association for their generous gift supporting this research. Without their support, this work would not be possible. Nima Hosseinzadeh (University of Miami) is thanked for taking Fig. 3 B.
PY - 2020/10
Y1 - 2020/10
N2 - Deicing salts have long been known to cause deterioration in concrete pavements. Freeze/thaw, surface scaling, and reinforcement corrosion are well documented deterioration mechanisms. However, another mechanism exists causing severe concrete damage that is much less understood. This deterioration is due to the formation of calcium oxychloride, from chemical interactions between the cementitious paste and certain chloride-based deicing salts. The basic chemical structure of calcium oxychloride, with slight variations, has been reported in deteriorated samples. Ideas have been postulated about failure mechanisms associated with the formation of calcium oxychloride. Further, testing techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis, low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry, and volume change measurements have been successfully utilized to better understand/quantify calcium oxychloride. Mitigation techniques to minimize the impact of calcium oxychloride include reducing cement content through the use of supplementary cementitious materials or other means, the use of adequate air entrainment, preferential carbonation, and the use of concrete sealants. This review of the literature highlights the current understanding of calcium oxychloride, provides best practice guidance and identifies new areas of research needed in order to effectively mitigate calcium oxychloride damage in concrete pavements.
AB - Deicing salts have long been known to cause deterioration in concrete pavements. Freeze/thaw, surface scaling, and reinforcement corrosion are well documented deterioration mechanisms. However, another mechanism exists causing severe concrete damage that is much less understood. This deterioration is due to the formation of calcium oxychloride, from chemical interactions between the cementitious paste and certain chloride-based deicing salts. The basic chemical structure of calcium oxychloride, with slight variations, has been reported in deteriorated samples. Ideas have been postulated about failure mechanisms associated with the formation of calcium oxychloride. Further, testing techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis, low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry, and volume change measurements have been successfully utilized to better understand/quantify calcium oxychloride. Mitigation techniques to minimize the impact of calcium oxychloride include reducing cement content through the use of supplementary cementitious materials or other means, the use of adequate air entrainment, preferential carbonation, and the use of concrete sealants. This review of the literature highlights the current understanding of calcium oxychloride, provides best practice guidance and identifies new areas of research needed in order to effectively mitigate calcium oxychloride damage in concrete pavements.
KW - Calcium oxychloride
KW - Deicing salts
KW - Literature review
KW - Low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry
KW - Supplementary cementitious materials
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U2 - 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103663
DO - 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103663
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85089221578
VL - 113
JO - Cement and Concrete Composites
JF - Cement and Concrete Composites
SN - 0958-9465
M1 - 103663
ER -