Abstract
This study is the first in a series that investigates the effects of turbulence in the boundary layer of a tornado vortex. In this part, axisymmetric simulations with constant viscosity are used to explore the relationships between vortex structure, intensity, and unsteadiness as functions of diffusion (measured by a Reynolds number Rer) and rotation (measured by a swirl ratio Sr). A deep upper-level damping zone is used to prevent upper-level disturbances from affecting the low-level vortex. The damping zone is most effective when it overlaps with the specified convective forcing, causing a reduction to the effective convective velocity scale We. With this damping in place, the tornado-vortex boundary layer shows no sign of unsteadiness for a wide range of parameters, suggesting that turbulence in the tornado boundary layer is inherently a three-dimensional phenomenon. For high Rer, the most intense vortices have maximum mean tangential winds well in excess of We, and maximum mean vertical velocity exceeds 3 times We. In parameter space, the most intense vortices fall along a line that follows Sr~Rer-1/3, in agreement with previous analytical predictions by Fiedler and Rotunno. These results are used to inform the design of three-dimensional large-eddy simulations in subsequent papers.
Original language | English (US) |
---|---|
Pages (from-to) | 3843-3854 |
Number of pages | 12 |
Journal | Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |
Volume | 73 |
Issue number | 10 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 2016 |
Keywords
- Circulation/ dynamics
- Dynamics
- Tornadogenesis
- Turbulence
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Atmospheric Science